Browse our language learning glossary by category. Each section links to in-depth entries covering SLA theory, research, tools, grammar, and practical knowledge for language learners.
Categories
- SLA Theory (372)
- Grammar & Syntax (228)
- Phonology (126)
- Vocabulary & Reading (118)
- Sociolinguistics (145)
- Teaching & Methods (130)
- Assessment (60)
- Writing Systems (32)
- Japanese Grammar (21)
- Japanese Concepts (27)
- Researchers (40)
- Tools & Apps (149)
SLA Theory (372)
Core theories and concepts in second language acquisition research.
- Academic Writing
- Accent Bias
- Acculturation Model
- Accuracy
- Acquisition Order
- Acquisition vs. Learning
- Acquisition-Learning Distinction
- Activity Theory
- Advanced Plateau
- Affect
- Affective Filter Hypothesis
- Age Effects in SLA
- Age of Acquisition
- Agency
- AI in Language Learning
- Aktionsart
- Alison Mackey
- Analogy (Linguistics)
- Applied Linguistics
- Aptitude-Treatment Interaction
- Aspect Hypothesis
- Associative Learning
- Attention in SLA
- Attentional Resources
- Attrition
- Authentic Assessment
- Automatization in Language Learning
- Backchannel
- Backformation
- Backsliding
- Basal Ganglia and Language Learning
- Basal Ganglia and Language Learning
- Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills
- Behaviourism
- Benny Lewis
- Blending (Linguistics)
- Calque
- Categorical Perception
- Central Executive
- Chunk-Based Learning
- Circumlocution in Language Learning
- Claire Kramsch
- Clarification Request
- Classical Arabic
- Classroom Anxiety in Language Learning
- Classroom Anxiety in Language Learning
- Clipping (Linguistics)
- Cognate
- Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
- Cognitive Aptitude
- Cognitive Linguistics
- Cognitive Load Theory
- Cognitive Overload
- Cognitive Styles
- Collaborative Dialogue
- Collaborative Learning
- Collocational Knowledge
- Communication Strategies
- Competition Model
- Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency
- Comprehensible Input
- Comprehensible Output
- Comprehensible Output Hypothesis
- Comprehension Checks
- Computational Linguistics
- Computer-Adaptive Testing
- Computer-Mediated Communication
- Conceptual Blending
- Connectionism
- Content and Language Integrated Learning
- Contrastive Analysis
- Contrastive Rhetoric
- Conversational Repair
- Cooperative Learning
- Corrective Feedback
- Critical Applied Linguistics
- Critical Period
- Critical Period Hypothesis
- Cross-Linguistic Influence
- Declarative and Procedural Memory in SLA
- Declarative Knowledge
- Declarative-Procedural Model
- Definiteness
- Deliberate Practice in Language Learning
- Dell Hymes
- Depth of Processing
- Desirable Difficulties
- Desirable Difficulty
- Developmental Sequence
- Developmental Sequences
- Dictogloss
- Digital Storytelling
- Dreaming Spanish
- Dynamic Assessment
- Dynamic Systems Theory
- EAP
- Ecological Validity
- Embodied Cognition
- Embodied Cognition (SLA)
- Emergentism
- Emergentism (SLA)
- English for Specific Purposes
- English Medium Instruction
- Entrenchment
- Error Analysis
- Error Correction in SLA
- Error Fossilization
- Evidentiality
- Explicit Corrective Feedback
- Explicit Learning
- Explicit Memory in Language Learning
- Extensive Listening
- Extensive Vocabulary Learning
- False Beginner
- False Cognate
- False Friend
- Feedback in SLA
- First Language (L1)
- First Language Acquisition
- Fluency
- Fluency Development
- Fluency Practice
- Fluency vs. Accuracy in SLA
- Folk Etymology
- Force Dynamics
- Foreign Language
- Foreign Language Anxiety
- Form-Meaning Mapping
- Formal Language
- Formulaic Sequence
- Fossilization
- Four Strands Model
- Free Listening in L2
- Free Reading in L2
- French Register
- Frequency Effects
- Frequency Effects (SLA)
- Frequency Lists
- Game-Based Learning
- Gamification in SLA
- Garden-Path Effect
- Gemination
- Gestural Communication
- Gesture
- Grit in Language Learning
- Growth Mindset in Language Learning
- Heritage Language Education
- Heritage Speaker
- High-Stakes Testing
- Hippocampus and Language Learning
- i+1 (i Plus One)
- Ideal L2 Self
- Identity in SLA
- Image Schema
- Imagined Communities
- Immersion Learning
- Implicit and Explicit Learning
- Implicit Corrective Feedback
- Implicit Learning in SLA
- Implicit Memory
- Implicit vs Explicit Learning
- Individual Differences in SLA
- Inhibitory Control
- Innateness Hypothesis
- Input Before Output
- Input Enhancement
- Input Frequency
- Input Hypothesis
- Input Processing (VanPatten)
- Instructed SLA
- Intake
- Interaction Hypothesis
- Interactional Competence
- Interactionist Approach
- Interface Hypothesis
- Interference Theory
- Interlanguage
- Interlanguage Pragmatics
- Intertextuality
- Intrinsic Motivation
- Investment
- Investment Hypothesis
- Investment Theory
- Irregular Morphology
- Jan Hulstijn
- Kat? Lomb
- L1 Interference
- L2
- L2 Fluency
- L2 Motivational Self System
- Language Acquisition Device
- Language and Culture
- Language Anxiety
- Language Aptitude
- Language Attrition
- Language Brokering
- Language Ego
- Language Input
- Language Laboratory
- Language Learner Errors
- Language Learning Journal
- Language Learning Plateau
- Language Legislation
- Language Loss
- Language Output
- Language Play
- Language Processing
- Language Teaching Methodology
- Language Transfer
- Language Universals
- Language-Focused Learning
- Languaging
- Latin
- Learning Styles
- Lexical Threshold
- Listening in L2
- Markedness
- Massive Input
- Meaning-Focused Input
- Meaning-Focused Output
- Meaningful Drills
- Mediation
- Metaphor (SLA)
- Mobile-Assisted Language Learning
- Modified Input
- Modified Output
- Monitor Hypothesis
- Monitor Model
- Mood
- Morpheme Acquisition Order
- Motivation
- Multicompetence
- Multilingual Turn
- Multilingualism
- Multimedia Learning
- Multimodal Input
- Native Korean
- Native Materials in Language Learning
- Native Speaker
- Native Speakerism
- Nativism
- Natural Approach
- Natural Language Processing
- Natural Order Hypothesis
- Naturalistic Acquisition
- Negative Evidence
- Negative Transfer
- Negotiation of Meaning
- Neural Plasticity
- Neuroplasticity
- Noticing
- Noticing Hypothesis
- Noticing the Gap
- One-Trial Learning
- Oral Corrective Feedback
- Oral Language Assessment
- Order of Acquisition
- Organic Japanese with Cure Dolly
- Output Before Input
- Output Flood
- Output Hypothesis
- Output Practice
- Overextension
- Overregularization
- Parameter Setting
- Parameters
- Parsing
- Pattern Recognition
- Pedagogical Grammar
- Peer Feedback
- Performance-Based Assessment
- Personal A
- Peter Skehan
- Phonological System
- Positive Transfer in SLA
- Post-Method Pedagogy
- Poverty of the Stimulus
- Pragmatic Transfer in SLA
- Primacy Effect
- Priming Effects
- Procedural Knowledge
- Proceduralization
- Processability Theory
- Prototype Theory
- Psychotypology
- Pushed Output
- Rate of Acquisition
- Reactivation
- Recasts
- Recency Effect
- Refold
- Repair Strategies
- Research Methods (SLA)
- Restructuring
- Scaffolding
- Second Language
- Second Language Acquisition (SLA)
- Self-Determination Theory
- Self-Regulation in SLA
- Sensitive Period (SLA)
- Separate Underlying Proficiencies
- Sequential Bilingual
- Sequential Bilingualism
- Ser vs. Estar
- Silent Period
- Skill Acquisition Theory
- Skill Building Theory in SLA
- Slang
- Sleep and Memory Consolidation
- Social Identity Theory
- Socialization Routines
- Sociocultural Theory
- Sociocultural Theory (SLA)
- Socioeducational Model
- Sociolinguistic Competence
- Speaking Anxiety
- Speaking Fluency
- Speech Perception in L2
- Standard Language Ideology
- Statistical Learning
- Status Planning
- Steve Kaufmann
- Strategic Competence
- Structuralism
- Study Abroad
- Suppletion
- Syntactic Processing
- Systematicity
- Systemic Functional Linguistics
- Target Language
- Task Complexity
- Teachability Hypothesis
- Teacher Development
- Teacher Talk
- Technology-Enhanced Language Learning
- Telecollaboration
- Telicity
- Tense
- Tense Aspect and Mood
- Test Reliability
- Test Validity
- Text Linguistics
- Textual Enhancement
- Theory of Mind
- Third Culture Kid
- Third Language Acquisition
- Threshold Hypothesis
- Transfer
- Transfer of Learning
- Transitivity
- Translanguaging
- Triliteral Root
- Tu vs. Vous
- Type-Token Frequency
- U-Shaped Development
- Ultimate Attainment
- Universal Grammar
- Uptake
- Usage-Based Grammar
- Usage-Based Learning
- Usage-Based SLA
- Variability in SLA
- Variationist SLA
- Vocabulary Learning
- Vocabulary Levels Test
- Vowel Reduction
- Willingness to Communicate
- Working Memory and SLA
- Writing in L2
- Written Corrective Feedback
- Zolt?n D?rnyei
- Zone of Proximal Development
Grammar & Syntax (228)
Morphology, syntax, word order, structural analysis, language typology, and historical language change.
- Academic Language
- Active Voice
- Adverbial Clause
- Affix
- Affixation
- Agent (Linguistics)
- Agglutination
- Agglutinative Language
- Agrammatism
- Agreement (Grammar)
- Allomorphy
- Amelioration
- Analytic Language
- Arabic Gender
- Arabic Grammar
- Arabic Verb Conjugation
- Argument Structure
- Aspect
- Aspect Markers (Chinese)
- Auxiliary Verb
- Ba Construction
- Bottleneck Hypothesis
- Bottom-Up Processing
- Bound Morpheme
- Broca’s Area
- Case (Grammar)
- Case Marking
- Causativization
- Classifiers
- Clause
- Clitic Pronouns (Italian)
- Code-Mixing
- Cognitive Grammar
- Cognitive Load
- Coherence
- Cohesion
- Cohesive Device
- Communicative Competence
- Complement Clause
- Complementary Distribution
- Compound Bilingual
- Compound Word
- Conditional Form
- Conditionals
- Construal
- Construction Grammar
- Control Structure
- Coordinate Bilingual
- Counters (Japanese)
- Dative Alternation
- Deep Structure
- Deixis
- Derivational Morphology
- Distributional Learning
- Ditransitive Verb
- Domain-Specific Vocabulary
- Double Object Construction
- Dual Coding
- Dual-Process Theory
- Epistemic Modality
- Ergativity
- Event-Related Potential
- Figure-Ground
- Foreigner Talk
- Form-Meaning Connection
- Free Morpheme
- French Gender
- French Grammar
- French Subjunctive
- French Verb Conjugation
- French Word Order
- Function Word
- Fusional Language
- Garden-Path Sentence
- Generative Grammar
- German Adjective Declension
- German Cases
- German Compound Nouns
- German Gender
- German Grammar
- German Modal Verbs
- German Separable Verbs
- German Verb Conjugation
- German Word Order
- Gerund
- Given-New
- Grammatical Gender
- Grammatical Object
- Grammatical Subject
- Grammaticalization
- Head (Linguistics)
- Head Directionality
- Head Marking
- I-Adjective
- Ichidan Verbs
- Infix
- Inflection
- Inflectional Morphology
- Information Structure
- Isogloss
- Isolating Language
- Italian Congiuntivo
- Italian Gender
- Italian Grammar
- Italian Modal Verbs
- Italian Subjunctive
- Italian Verb Conjugation
- Japanese Verb Conjugation
- Jargon
- Jukugo
- Korean Counters
- Korean Grammar
- Korean Honorifics
- Korean Numbers
- Korean Particles
- Korean Sentence Structure
- Korean Speech Levels
- Korean Verb Conjugation
- Language Change
- Language Comprehension
- Language Distance
- Language Reconstruction
- Language Typology
- Lexico-Grammar
- Light Verb
- Locative Alternation
- Mandarin Grammar
- Metalanguage
- Metalinguistic Awareness
- Metalinguistic Knowledge
- Minimalist Program
- Modality
- Modern Standard Arabic
- Morpheme
- Morphological Awareness
- Morphological Typology
- Morphology
- Na-Adjective
- Neurolinguistics
- Nominal Sentence
- Nominalization
- Nominative Case
- Null Subject
- Object Particle
- Overgeneralization
- P600
- Paradigm (Linguistics)
- Participle
- Particle ga (?)
- Particle wa (?)
- Pass? Compos? vs. Imparfait
- Passato Prossimo vs. Imperfetto
- Passivization
- Pejoration
- Phrasal Verbs
- Phrase
- Phrase Structure
- Polysynthetic Language
- Positive Transfer
- Pragmalinguistics
- Predicate
- Prefix
- Presupposition Trigger
- Preterite vs. Imperfect
- Pro-Drop
- Procedural Memory
- Raising (Linguistics)
- Raising Structure
- Reduplication
- Rendaku
- Rhetorical Structure
- Romaji
- Romance Languages
- Root (Morphology)
- Russian Aspect
- Russian Cases
- Russian Gender
- Russian Grammar
- Russian Verb Conjugation
- Scrambling
- Semantic Role
- Sentence Bank
- Sentence Cards
- Sentence Processing
- Serial Verb Construction
- Short-term Memory
- Sign Language
- Social Network Theory
- Spanish Gender
- Spanish Grammar
- Spanish Subjunctive
- Spanish Verb Conjugation
- Specific Language Impairment
- Speech Levels Korean
- Structural Priming
- Subject (Grammar)
- Subject Particle
- Subordinate Bilingual
- Subordinate Clause
- Subordination
- Suffix
- Surface Structure
- Suru Verbs
- Syntactic Typology
- Syntax
- Te-iru (????)
- Teineigo
- Thematic Progression
- Theta Role
- Top-Down Processing
- Topic Particle
- Topic-Comment
- Topic-Comment (Chinese)
- Topic-Prominent Language
- Topicalization
- Transformational Grammar
- Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
- Tu vs. Lei (Italian)
- Turn-Construction Unit
- Unaccusative Verb
- Unergative Verb
- Verner’s Law
- Voice (Grammar)
- Wa Particle
- Wh-Movement
- Word Order
- Word Order Typology
- Zero Morpheme
Phonology (126)
Sound systems, pronunciation, prosody, and phonological processes.
- Accent
- Accent Reduction
- Affricate
- Allophone
- Approximant
- Arabic Phonology
- Areal Linguistics
- Articulatory Phonetics
- Aspiration
- Assimilation
- Automaticity
- Back Vowel
- Batchim
- Broad vs Narrow Transcription
- Broad vs Narrow Transcription
- Caretaker Speech
- Central Vowel
- Chinese Tones
- Close Vowel
- Coarticulation
- Connected Speech
- Consonant
- Continuant
- Cooperative Principle
- Coronal Consonant
- Cyrillic
- Declarative Memory
- Dogen
- Dorsal Consonant
- Elision
- Feature Geometry
- Fluent Forever (System)
- Foreign Accent
- Free Variation
- French Nasal Vowels
- French Phonology
- Fricative
- Front Vowel
- Gabriel Wyner
- Gairaigo
- Generative Phonology
- Glossika
- Grimm’s Law
- Hemispheric Specialization
- Hypercorrection
- International Phonetic Alphabet
- Intonation
- Italian Phonology
- Japanese Mora
- Japanese Phonology
- Japanese Pitch Accent
- Japanese Pronunciation
- Korean Dialects
- Korean Loanwords
- Korean Phonology
- L2 Phonology
- Labial Consonant
- Language Lateralization
- Liaison
- Liquid
- Listening Comprehension
- Listening Dictation
- Listening Fluency
- Manner of Articulation
- Metrical Foot
- Mid Vowel
- Minimal Pair
- Mismatch Negativity
- Nasal Consonant
- Natural Class
- Obstruent
- Onyomi
- Open Vowel
- Phoneme
- Phonemic Contrast
- Phonetics
- Phonological Adaptation
- Phonological Awareness
- Phonological Loop
- Phonological Reduction
- Phonology
- Pinyin
- Place of Articulation
- Plosive
- Pronunciation
- Pronunciation Instruction
- Pronunciation Practice
- Prosodic Word
- Prosody
- R-Colored Vowel
- Rounded Vowel
- Russian Dialects
- Russian Palatalization
- Russian Phonology
- Russian Stress
- Schwa
- Shadowing (Language Learning)
- Sibilant
- Sonorant
- Sonority Sequencing Principle
- Sound Change
- Spanish Dialects
- Spanish Phonology
- Speech Error
- Stress
- Stress-Timed
- Suprasegmental
- Suprasegmentals
- Syllable
- Syllable Structure
- Syllable-Timed
- Tip-of-the-Tongue State
- Tonal Language
- Tone
- Tone Language
- Tone Sandhi
- Transliteration
- Unrounded Vowel
- Variationist Sociolinguistics
- Voicing
- Vowel
- Vowel Harmony
- Vowel Shift
- Wago
- Word Stress
- Working Memory
Vocabulary & Reading (118)
Word knowledge, lexical development, reading strategies, and frequency effects.
- Academic Vocabulary
- Academic Word List
- Active Vocabulary
- Anomia
- Antonym
- Antonymy
- Aphasia
- Bilingual Lexicon
- Breadth vs. Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge
- Chunk
- Chunking
- Circumlocution in Language Learning
- Cloze Reading
- Collocation
- Collocational Competence
- Collocations
- Conceptual Metaphor
- Connotation
- Content Word
- Context Clues
- Corpus Linguistics
- Denotation
- Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge
- Elaboration
- Episodic Memory
- Extensive Reading
- Frame Semantics
- Free Voluntary Reading
- Frequency Bands
- Frequency List
- Generation Effect
- Graded Readers
- High-Frequency Words
- Homonym
- Hyponymy
- Idiom
- Implicature
- Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition
- Intensive Reading
- Intentional Vocabulary Learning
- Japanese Compound Verbs
- Keyword Method
- Language Dominance
- Lexeme
- Lexical Access
- Lexical Acquisition
- Lexical Approach
- Lexical Borrowing
- Lexical Chunk
- Lexical Density
- Lexical Gap
- Lexical Inference
- Lexical Knowledge
- Lexical Priming
- Lexical Richness
- Lexical Semantics
- Lexicon
- Lexis
- Loanwords
- Long-Term Memory
- Low-Frequency Words
- Measure Words (Chinese)
- Mental Lexicon
- Meronymy
- Metaphor
- Mnemonics
- Multi-Word Expression
- Multiword Unit
- Multiword Units
- N400
- Narrow Listening
- Narrow Reading
- Nonverbal Communication
- Passive Vocabulary
- Phrasal Verb
- Polysemy
- Pop-Up Dictionary
- Productive Vocabulary
- Psycholinguistics
- Reading Comprehension
- Reading Fluency
- Reading in L2
- Reading Journal
- Reading Speed in L2
- Receptive Bilingualism
- Receptive Multilingualism
- Receptive Vocabulary
- Retrieval Cue
- Semantic Bleaching
- Semantic Change
- Semantic Field
- Semantic Memory
- Semantic Prosody
- Semantics
- Sino-Korean
- Speech Production
- Spreading Activation
- Synonym
- Technical Vocabulary
- Transfer-Appropriate Processing
- Type-Token Ratio
- Vocabulary Acquisition
- Vocabulary Breadth
- Vocabulary Breadth and Depth
- Vocabulary Depth
- Vocabulary Knowledge
- Vocabulary Learning Strategies
- Vocabulary Notebook
- Vocabulary Size
- Wernicke’s Area
- Word Association
- Word Cards
- Word Consciousness
- Word Families
- Word Family
- Word Frequency in Language Learning
- Word Recognition
- Yojijukugo
Sociolinguistics (145)
Language in society — dialects, identity, bilingualism, and language policy.
- Accommodation
- Acrolect
- Additive Bilingualism
- Adjacency Pair
- Adstratum
- African American Vernacular English
- American English Dialects
- Appalachian English
- Arabic Dialects
- Arabic Diglossia
- Balanced Bilingual
- BICS vs CALP
- Bilingual
- Bilingual Advantage
- Bilingual Brain
- Bilingual Education
- Bilingualism
- Boston English
- Cajun English
- California English
- Chicano English
- Code-Switching
- Communication Accommodation Theory
- Contact Language
- Contact-Induced Change
- Convergence
- Conversation Analysis
- Conversational Implicature
- Corpus Planning
- Covert Prestige
- Creole
- Critical Discourse Analysis
- Cross-Cultural Pragmatics
- Dialect
- Diglossia
- Discourse Analysis
- Discourse Coherence
- Discourse Competence
- Discourse Markers
- Dispreferred Response
- Divergence
- Dynamic Bilingualism
- Elite Bilingualism
- Endangered Language
- Ethnolinguistic Vitality
- Euphemism
- Face-Saving
- Face-Threatening Act
- Folk Bilingualism
- Genre
- German Dialects
- Grice’s Maxims
- Hedging
- Heritage Language
- Historical Linguistics
- Host Culture Language
- Identity
- Idiolect
- Illocutionary Act
- Indexicality
- Indirect Speech Act
- Insertion Sequence
- Interactional Sociolinguistics
- Intercultural Communication
- Italian Dialects
- Japanese Dialects
- Kenjogo
- Language Attitude
- Language Attitudes
- Language Contact
- Language Death
- Language Ecology
- Language Endangerment
- Language Family
- Language Identity
- Language Ideology
- Language Loyalty
- Language Maintenance
- Language Mindset
- Language Norm
- Language Norms
- Language Planning
- Language Policy
- Language Purism
- Language Repertoire
- Language Revitalization
- Language Rights
- Language Shift
- Language Socialization
- Language Standardization
- Language Variation
- Lingua Franca
- Linguistic Discrimination
- Linguistic Landscape
- Linguistic Market
- Loanword
- Locutionary Act
- Mental Spaces
- Metadiscourse
- Minority Language
- Minority Language Rights
- Mitigation
- Mother Tongue
- Multilingual
- Neuropragmatics
- Official Language
- Overt Prestige
- Perlocutionary Act
- Pidgin
- Politeness Theory
- Pragmatic Competence
- Pragmatic Failure
- Pragmatics
- Preferred Response
- Prestige (Sociolinguistics)
- Prestige Language
- Proto-Indo-European
- Proto-Language
- Rapport Management
- Reference
- Register
- Register Variation
- Relevance Theory
- Repair
- Request Strategy
- Simultaneous Bilingual
- Simultaneous Bilingualism
- Societal Bilingualism
- Sociolect
- Sociolinguistics
- Sociopragmatics
- Sonkeigo
- Speech Act
- Speech Act Theory
- Speech Acts
- Speech Community
- Sprachbund
- Standard Language
- Style-Shifting
- Substrate Language
- Subtractive Bilingualism
- Transition-Relevance Place
- Turn-Taking
- Voseo
- World Englishes
Teaching & Methods (130)
Approaches, methods, and techniques for language teaching and self-study.
- Active Immersion
- Active Recall
- AJATT (All Japanese All The Time)
- Anki Decks for Language Learning
- Audio-Lingual Method
- Authentic Materials
- Autonomous Language Learning
- Barry Farber
- Blended Learning
- CALL
- Classroom Interaction
- Cloze Deletion
- Cognitive Style
- Communicative Language Teaching
- Communicative Task
- Community Language Learning
- Comparative Method
- Comprehensible Japanese
- Comprehension Checking
- Comprehension-Based Instruction
- Consciousness-Raising
- Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)
- Content-Based Instruction
- Conversation Partner
- Critical Pedagogy
- Cure Dolly
- Data-Driven Learning
- Deductive Teaching
- Direct Method
- Discrete-Point Test
- Dogme ELT
- Drill Mode
- Ease Factor
- Eclecticism
- EFL vs. ESL
- Elaborative Interrogation
- Explicit Instruction
- Flipped Classroom
- Focus on Form
- Focus on Forms
- Focus on Meaning
- Forgetting Curve
- Form-Focused Instruction
- Fran?ois Gouin
- FSRS (Free Spaced Repetition Scheduler)
- Genre Analysis
- Goldlist Method
- Grammar-Translation Method
- Handwriting
- Immersion (Language Learning)
- Immersion at Home
- Inductive Teaching
- Inferencing
- Informal Language
- Information-Gap Activity
- Input Flood
- Input-Based Instruction
- Instrumental Motivation
- Integrative Motivation
- Intelligent Tutoring System
- Intentional Learning
- Interleaving
- Intermediate Plateau
- Japanese Ammo with Misa
- L2 Reading
- Language Coach
- Language Exchange
- Language Immersion Program
- Language Journal
- Language Learner
- Language Learning Burnout
- Language Learning Strategies
- Language Simp
- Language Study Plan
- Laoshu505000
- Learner Autonomy
- Learner Beliefs
- Learning Strategies
- Leitner System
- LingQ
- Linguistic Imperialism
- Mass Immersion Approach
- Massed vs Distributed Practice
- Matt vs Japan
- Metacognition
- Method of Loci
- Michel Thomas Method
- Motivation in SLA
- Motivation Types in Language Learning
- Multiliteracies
- Notional-Functional Approach
- Online Language Tutoring
- Output-Based Instruction
- Partial Immersion
- Passive Immersion
- Pattern Drill
- Pedagogy
- Polyglot
- Preply
- Presentation-Practice-Production
- Processing Instruction
- Reading
- Reading While Listening
- Recast
- Recasting
- Retention Rate
- Retrieval Practice
- Schema Theory
- Self-Directed Learning
- Self-Regulated Learning
- Self-Study Language Learning
- Sentence Mining
- Sheltered Instruction
- SM-2 (SuperMemo 2 Algorithm)
- SRS (Spaced Repetition System)
- Structured Input
- Study Queue
- Suggestopedia
- Tandem Learning
- Task Difficulty
- Task-Based Language Teaching
- The Good Language Learner
- The Silent Way
- Total Immersion
- Total Physical Response (TPR)
- TPRS (Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling)
- Translation
- Vocab Mining
- Washback Effect
- Writing
Assessment (60)
Language testing, proficiency frameworks, and evaluation methods.
- Achievement Test
- ACTFL
- ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines
- Alternative Assessment
- Analytic Scoring
- Can-Do Statements
- CEFR
- CEFR Levels
- Classical Test Theory
- Cloze Test
- Common Underlying Proficiency
- Construct
- Construct Validity
- Content Validity
- Criterion-Referenced Testing
- Cut Score
- DELE
- DELF / DALF
- Diagnostic Test
- Difficulty Index
- Discrimination Index
- Entailment
- Face Validity
- Formative Assessment
- Generalizability Theory
- Goethe-Zertifikat
- HSK (Chinese Proficiency Test)
- IELTS
- Inter-Rater Reliability
- Item Response Theory
- JLPT N1
- JLPT N2
- JLPT N3
- JLPT N4
- JLPT N5
- Language Aptitude Test
- Language Assessment
- Language Goals
- Language Portfolio
- Language Proficiency
- Language Proficiency Test
- Linguistic Relativity
- Maxims of Conversation
- Norm-Referenced Assessment
- Oral Proficiency Interview
- Placement Test
- Portfolio Assessment
- Presupposition
- Rasch Model
- Raw Score
- Reliability
- Rubric
- Self-Assessment in Language Learning
- Standard Score
- Summative Assessment
- Test Anxiety in Language Learning
- Testing Effect
- TOEFL
- Validity
- Washback
Writing Systems (32)
Scripts, alphabets, syllabaries, and orthographic systems of the world.
- Abjad
- Abugida
- Alphabetic Script
- Arabic Script
- Chinese Characters
- Decoding
- Dyslexia
- Encoding (Memory)
- Furigana
- Godan Verbs
- Grapheme
- Hangul
- Hiragana
- Kango (??)
- Katakana
- Korean Writing System
- Kunyomi
- Language Academy
- Language Vitality
- Logographic
- Orthography
- Radical
- Romanization
- Script
- Spacing Effect
- Stroke Order
- Syllabary
- Text Type
- Traditional vs. Simplified Chinese
- Visuospatial Sketchpad
- Wago, Kango, and Gairaigo
- Writing System
Japanese Grammar (21)
Grammar points, particles, and structural features of the Japanese language.
- Causative Form
- Japanese Adjectives
- Japanese Aspect
- Japanese Counters
- Japanese Grammar
- Japanese Numbers
- Japanese Onomatopoeia
- Japanese Particles
- Japanese Sentence Structure
- Japanese Verb Conjugation
- Japanese Writing System
- Keigo
- Masu-Form
- Noun Modification (Japanese)
- Okurigana
- Passive Form
- Plain Form
- Potential Form
- Te-Form
- Transitive and Intransitive Verbs in Japanese
- Volitional Form
Japanese Concepts (27)
Concepts specific to learning and using Japanese — JLPT, pitch accent, kanji strategies, and more.
- Aizuchi
- Anime Japanese
- Business Japanese
- Choonpu
- Classical Japanese
- Dakuten
- Handakuten
- Ichigo Ichie
- Japanese Honorifics
- Japanese Onomatopoeia
- JLPT (Japanese Language Proficiency Test)
- Jouyou Kanji
- Joyo Kanji
- Kanji
- Kanji Acquisition
- Kanji Radicals
- Kansai-ben
- Keigo Levels
- Kyushu Dialect
- Ma
- Mono no Aware
- Omotenashi
- Osaka Dialect
- Pitch Accent
- Small Tsu (Sokuon)
- Tohoku Dialect
- Tokyo Dialect
Researchers (40)
Key figures in linguistics and second language acquisition research.
- Alan Baddeley
- Bill VanPatten
- C.A. Mace
- Damien Elmes
- Diane Larsen-Freeman
- Ellen Bialystok
- George Miller
- Hermann Ebbinghaus
- James Asher
- Jarrett Ye
- Jim Cummins
- John Schumann
- John Sweller
- Larry Selinker
- Lev Vygotsky
- Lindie Botes
- Luca Lampariello
- Manfred Pienemann
- Merrill Swain
- Michael Halliday
- Michael Lewis (linguist)
- Michael Long
- Nick Ellis
- Noam Chomsky
- Olly Richards
- Patsy Lightbown
- Paul Nation
- Piotr Wozniak
- Rebecca Oxford
- Richard Schmidt
- Robert Bjork
- Robert DeKeyser
- Robert Gardner
- Robert Lado
- Robert Phillipson
- Rod Ellis
- S. Pit Corder
- Sebastian Leitner
- Stephen Krashen
- Tracy Terrell
Tools & Apps (149)
Software, apps, and digital tools for language learning.
- AI Language Tutor App
- Akebi
- Alliance Francaise
- ALTE Framework
- Anki
- Aptis
- Babbel
- Beijing Language and Culture University
- Berlitz
- BJT Business Japanese Proficiency Test
- British Council
- Bunpo
- Bunpro
- Busuu
- CAE (C1 Advanced)
- Cambridge English Qualifications
- Canadian Language Benchmarks
- Cantonese
- CELI (Certificato di Conoscenza della Lingua Italiana)
- CILS (Certificazione di Italiano come Lingua Straniera)
- Clozemaster
- Coda (Phonology)
- Comprehensible Input Technology
- Confucius Institute
- Core 10000
- Core 2000
- Core 6000
- CPE (C2 Proficiency)
- DeepL
- Defense Language Institute
- DLAB
- Drops: Language Learning Games
- Dual-Language Program
- Duolingo
- EF Education First
- EJU (Examination for Japanese University Admission)
- ELSA Speak
- Erasmus Programme
- Erhua
- Europass Language Passport
- FCE (B2 First)
- FluentU
- Foreign Service Institute (FSI)
- Forvo
- FSI Language Difficulty Rankings
- FunEasyLearn: Learn Japanese
- Genki
- Goethe-Institut
- Google Translate
- HelloChinese
- HelloTalk
- HeyJapan
- HiNative
- How to Study Korean
- HSKK
- iago: Learn Japanese
- ImmersionKit
- Instituto Cervantes
- Intensive Language Program
- italki
- JA Sensei
- Japanese by Renzo
- Japanese Guru
- Japanese Kanji Study
- JapanesePod101
- JET Programme
- Jisho
- JPDB
- Jsho
- KameSame
- KanaOrigin: Learn Japanese
- Kanji Card: Learn Japanese
- Kanji Dojo
- Kanji Kentei
- kawaiiDungeon: Learn Japanese
- kawaiiNihongo
- KCP International
- Language Immersion School
- Language Reactor
- Learn Japanese – Beginners (BNR Languages)
- Learn Japanese Speak Language (LuvLingua)
- Learn Japanese! (Luli Languages)
- Ling: Learn Japanese Language
- LingoDeer
- Linguee
- MaruMori
- Mazii
- Memrise
- Middlebury Language Schools
- Migaku
- Migii JLPT
- Minna no Nihongo
- MochiKanji
- Mondly
- Naganuma School
- NAT-TEST
- New HSK
- NHK Web Easy
- Nihongo So-matome
- Omniglot
- Onset (Phonology)
- Peace Corps Language Training
- Pimsleur
- Pleco
- PLIDA (Progetto Lingua Italiana Dante Alighieri)
- Pocket Japanese
- Pronunciation Analyzer App
- PTE Academic
- Qingdao University Chinese Program
- Radical: Kanji Dictionary
- Readlang
- Renshuu
- Resultative Verb Complement
- Reverso Context
- Rime (Phonology)
- Rosetta Stone
- Sakubo
- Satori Reader
- Sentence Search Corpus Tool
- Shinobi: Read & Learn Japanese
- SIELE
- Skritter
- Sottaku
- Speechling
- STAMP Test
- Subtitle Mining Tool
- SuperMemo
- Tadoku
- Takoboto
- Talk To Me In Korean (TTMIK)
- Tandem
- Tangoo
- TCF (Test de Connaissance du Français)
- TEF Canada
- TELC
- Tobira
- Tobo Japanese
- Todaii
- TOEIC
- TOPIK
- Verbling
- Wagotabi
- WaniKani
- WordReference
- Yomikko
- Yomitan
- Yomiwa
- Yomu Yomu: Read & Learn Japanese
- YuSpeak: Learn Japanese/Korean
All 1455 Language Entries A–Z
A
- Abjad
- Abugida
- Academic Language
- Academic Vocabulary
- Academic Word List
- Academic Writing
- Accent
- Accent Bias
- Accent Reduction
- Accommodation
- Acculturation Model
- Accuracy
- Achievement Test
- Acquisition Order
- Acquisition vs. Learning
- Acquisition-Learning Distinction
- Acrolect
- ACTFL
- ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines
- Active Immersion
- Active Recall
- Active Vocabulary
- Active Voice
- Activity Theory
- Additive Bilingualism
- Adjacency Pair
- Adstratum
- Advanced Plateau
- Adverbial Clause
- Affect
- Affective Filter Hypothesis
- Affix
- Affixation
- Affricate
- African American Vernacular English
- Age Effects in SLA
- Age of Acquisition
- Agency
- Agent (Linguistics)
- Agglutination
- Agglutinative Language
- Agrammatism
- Agreement (Grammar)
- AI in Language Learning
- AI Language Tutor App
- Aizuchi
- AJATT (All Japanese All The Time)
- Akebi
- Aktionsart
- Alan Baddeley
- Alison Mackey
- Alliance Francaise
- Allomorphy
- Allophone
- Alphabetic Script
- ALTE Framework
- Alternative Assessment
- Ambiguity
- Amelioration
- American English Dialects
- Analogy (Linguistics)
- Analogy (Linguistics)
- Analytic Language
- Analytic Scoring
- Anaphora
- Anime Japanese
- Anki
- Anki Decks for Language Learning
- Anomia
- Antonym
- Antonymy
- Aphasia
- Appalachian English
- Applied Linguistics
- Approximant
- Aptis
- Aptitude-Treatment Interaction
- Arabic Dialects
- Arabic Diglossia
- Arabic Gender
- Arabic Grammar
- Arabic Phonology
- Arabic Script
- Arabic Verb Conjugation
- Areal Linguistics
- Argument Structure
- Articulatory Phonetics
- Aspect
- Aspect Hypothesis
- Aspect Markers (Chinese)
- Aspiration
- Assimilation
- Associative Learning
- Attention in SLA
- Attentional Resources
- Attrition
- Audio-Lingual Method
- Authentic Assessment
- Authentic Materials
- Automaticity
- Automatization in Language Learning
- Autonomous Language Learning
- Auxiliary Verb
B
- Ba Construction
- Babbel
- Back Vowel
- Backchannel
- Backformation
- Backsliding
- Balanced Bilingual
- Barry Farber
- Basal Ganglia and Language Learning
- Basal Ganglia and Language Learning
- Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills
- Batchim
- Behaviourism
- Beijing Language and Culture University
- Benny Lewis
- Berlitz
- BICS vs CALP
- Bilingual
- Bilingual Advantage
- Bilingual Brain
- Bilingual Education
- Bilingual Lexicon
- Bilingualism
- Bill VanPatten
- BJT Business Japanese Proficiency Test
- Blended Learning
- Blending (Linguistics)
- Blending (Linguistics)
- Boston English
- Bottleneck Hypothesis
- Bottom-Up Processing
- Bound Morpheme
- Breadth vs. Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge
- British Council
- Broad vs Narrow Transcription
- Broad vs Narrow Transcription
- Broca’s Area
- Bunpo
- Bunpro
- Business Japanese
- Busuu
C
- C.A. Mace
- CAE (C1 Advanced)
- Cajun English
- California English
- CALL
- Calque
- Cambridge English Qualifications
- Can-Do Statements
- Canadian Language Benchmarks
- Cantonese
- Caretaker Speech
- Case (Grammar)
- Case Marking
- Categorical Perception
- Causative Form
- Causativization
- CEFR
- CEFR Levels
- CELI (Certificato di Conoscenza della Lingua Italiana)
- Central Executive
- Central Vowel
- Cha Ze
- Chicano English
- Chinese Characters
- Chinese Tones
- Choonpu
- Chunk
- Chunk-Based Learning
- Chunking
- CILS (Certificazione di Italiano come Lingua Straniera)
- Circumlocution in Language Learning
- Circumlocution in Language Learning
- Claire Kramsch
- Clarification Request
- Classical Arabic
- Classical Japanese
- Classical Test Theory
- Classifiers
- Classroom Anxiety in Language Learning
- Classroom Anxiety in Language Learning
- Classroom Interaction
- Clause
- Clipping (Linguistics)
- Clipping (Linguistics)
- Clitic Pronouns (Italian)
- Close Vowel
- Cloze Deletion
- Cloze Reading
- Cloze Test
- Clozemaster
- Coarticulation
- Coda (Phonology)
- Code-Mixing
- Code-Switching
- Cognate
- Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
- Cognitive Aptitude
- Cognitive Grammar
- Cognitive Linguistics
- Cognitive Load
- Cognitive Load Theory
- Cognitive Overload
- Cognitive Style
- Cognitive Styles
- Coherence
- Cohesion
- Cohesive Device
- Collaborative Dialogue
- Collaborative Learning
- Collocation
- Collocational Competence
- Collocational Knowledge
- Collocations
- Common Underlying Proficiency
- Communication Accommodation Theory
- Communication Strategies
- Communicative Competence
- Communicative Language Teaching
- Communicative Task
- Community Language Learning
- Comparative Method
- Competition Model
- Complement Clause
- Complementary Distribution
- Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency
- Compound Bilingual
- Compound Word
- Comprehensible Input
- Comprehensible Input Technology
- Comprehensible Japanese
- Comprehensible Output
- Comprehensible Output Hypothesis
- Comprehension Checking
- Comprehension Checks
- Comprehension-Based Instruction
- Computational Linguistics
- Computer-Adaptive Testing
- Computer-Mediated Communication
- Conceptual Blending
- Conceptual Metaphor
- Conditional Form
- Conditionals
- Confucius Institute
- Connected Speech
- Connectionism
- Connotation
- Consciousness-Raising
- Consonant
- Construal
- Construct
- Construct Validity
- Construction Grammar
- Contact Language
- Contact-Induced Change
- Content and Language Integrated Learning
- Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)
- Content Validity
- Content Word
- Content-Based Instruction
- Context Clues
- Continuant
- Contrastive Analysis
- Contrastive Rhetoric
- Control Structure
- Convergence
- Conversation Analysis
- Conversation Partner
- Conversational Implicature
- Conversational Repair
- Cooperative Learning
- Cooperative Principle
- Coordinate Bilingual
- Core 10000
- Core 2000
- Core 6000
- Coronal Consonant
- Corpus Linguistics
- Corpus Planning
- Corrective Feedback
- Counters (Japanese)
- Covert Prestige
- CPE (C2 Proficiency)
- Creole
- Criterion-Referenced Testing
- Critical Applied Linguistics
- Critical Discourse Analysis
- Critical Pedagogy
- Critical Period
- Critical Period Hypothesis
- Cross-Cultural Pragmatics
- Cross-Linguistic Influence
- Cure Dolly
- Cut Score
- Cyrillic
D
- Dakuten
- Damien Elmes
- Data-Driven Learning
- Dative Alternation
- Declarative and Procedural Memory in SLA
- Declarative Knowledge
- Declarative Memory
- Declarative-Procedural Model
- Decoding
- Deductive Teaching
- Deep Structure
- DeepL
- Defense Language Institute
- Definiteness
- Deixis
- DELE
- DELF / DALF
- Deliberate Practice in Language Learning
- Dell Hymes
- Denotation
- Depth of Processing
- Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge
- Derivational Morphology
- Desirable Difficulties
- Desirable Difficulty
- Developmental Sequence
- Developmental Sequences
- Diagnostic Test
- Dialect
- Diane Larsen-Freeman
- Dictogloss
- Difficulty Index
- Digital Storytelling
- Diglossia
- Direct Method
- Discourse Analysis
- Discourse Coherence
- Discourse Competence
- Discourse Markers
- Discrete-Point Test
- Discrimination Index
- Dispreferred Response
- Distributional Learning
- Ditransitive Verb
- Divergence
- DLAB
- Dogen
- Dogme ELT
- Domain-Specific Vocabulary
- Dorsal Consonant
- Double Object Construction
- Dreaming Spanish
- Drill Mode
- Drops: Language Learning Games
- Dual Coding
- Dual-Language Program
- Dual-Process Theory
- Duolingo
- Dynamic Assessment
- Dynamic Bilingualism
- Dynamic Systems Theory
- Dyslexia
E
- EAP
- Ease Factor
- Eclecticism
- Ecological Validity
- EF Education First
- EFL vs. ESL
- EJU (Examination for Japanese University Admission)
- Elaboration
- Elaborative Interrogation
- Elision
- Elite Bilingualism
- Ellen Bialystok
- ELSA Speak
- Embodied Cognition
- Embodied Cognition (SLA)
- Emergentism
- Emergentism (SLA)
- Encoding (Memory)
- Endangered Language
- English for Specific Purposes
- English Medium Instruction
- Entailment
- Entrenchment
- Episodic Memory
- Epistemic Modality
- Erasmus Programme
- Ergativity
- Erhua
- Error Analysis
- Error Correction in SLA
- Error Fossilization
- Ethnolinguistic Vitality
- Euphemism
- Europass Language Passport
- Event-Related Potential
- Evidentiality
- Explicit Corrective Feedback
- Explicit Instruction
- Explicit Learning
- Explicit Memory in Language Learning
- Extensive Listening
- Extensive Reading
- Extensive Vocabulary Learning
F
- Face Validity
- Face-Saving
- Face-Threatening Act
- False Beginner
- False Cognate
- False Friend
- FCE (B2 First)
- Feature Geometry
- Feedback in SLA
- Figure-Ground
- First Language (L1)
- First Language Acquisition
- Flipped Classroom
- Fluency
- Fluency Development
- Fluency Practice
- Fluency vs. Accuracy in SLA
- Fluent Forever (System)
- FluentU
- Focus on Form
- Focus on Forms
- Focus on Meaning
- Folk Bilingualism
- Folk Etymology
- Force Dynamics
- Foreign Accent
- Foreign Language
- Foreign Language Anxiety
- Foreign Service Institute (FSI)
- Foreigner Talk
- Forgetting Curve
- Form-Focused Instruction
- Form-Meaning Connection
- Form-Meaning Mapping
- Formal Language
- Formative Assessment
- Formulaic Sequence
- Forvo
- Fossilization
- Four Strands Model
- Frame Semantics
- Fran?ois Gouin
- Free Listening in L2
- Free Morpheme
- Free Reading in L2
- Free Variation
- Free Voluntary Reading
- French Gender
- French Grammar
- French Nasal Vowels
- French Phonology
- French Register
- French Subjunctive
- French Verb Conjugation
- French Word Order
- Frequency Bands
- Frequency Effects
- Frequency Effects (SLA)
- Frequency List
- Frequency Lists
- Fricative
- Front Vowel
- FSI Language Difficulty Rankings
- FSRS (Free Spaced Repetition Scheduler)
- Function Word
- FunEasyLearn: Learn Japanese
- Furigana
- Fusional Language
G
- Gabriel Wyner
- Gairaigo
- Game-Based Learning
- Gamification in SLA
- Garden-Path Effect
- Garden-Path Sentence
- Gemination
- Generalizability Theory
- Generation Effect
- Generative Grammar
- Generative Phonology
- Genki
- Genre
- Genre Analysis
- George Miller
- German Adjective Declension
- German Cases
- German Compound Nouns
- German Dialects
- German Gender
- German Grammar
- German Modal Verbs
- German Separable Verbs
- German Verb Conjugation
- German Word Order
- Gerund
- Gestural Communication
- Gesture
- Given-New
- Glossika
- Godan Verbs
- Goethe-Institut
- Goethe-Zertifikat
- Goldlist Method
- Google Translate
- Graded Readers
- Grammar-Translation Method
- Grammatical Gender
- Grammatical Object
- Grammatical Subject
- Grammaticalization
- Grapheme
- Grice’s Maxims
- Grimm’s Law
- Grit in Language Learning
- Growth Mindset in Language Learning
H
- Handakuten
- Handwriting
- Hangul
- Head (Linguistics)
- Head Directionality
- Head Marking
- Hedging
- HelloChinese
- HelloTalk
- Hemispheric Specialization
- Heritage Language
- Heritage Language Education
- Heritage Speaker
- Hermann Ebbinghaus
- HeyJapan
- High-Frequency Words
- High-Stakes Testing
- HiNative
- Hippocampus and Language Learning
- Hiragana
- Historical Linguistics
- Homonym
- Host Culture Language
- How to Study Korean
- HSK (Chinese Proficiency Test)
- HSKK
- Hypercorrection
- Hyponymy
I
- i+1 (i Plus One)
- I-Adjective
- iago: Learn Japanese
- Ichidan Verbs
- Ichigo Ichie
- Ideal L2 Self
- Identity
- Identity in SLA
- Idiolect
- Idiom
- IELTS
- Illocutionary Act
- Image Schema
- Imagined Communities
- Immersion (Language Learning)
- Immersion at Home
- Immersion Learning
- ImmersionKit
- Implicature
- Implicit and Explicit Learning
- Implicit Corrective Feedback
- Implicit Learning in SLA
- Implicit Memory
- Implicit vs Explicit Learning
- Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition
- Indexicality
- Indirect Speech Act
- Individual Differences in SLA
- Inductive Teaching
- Inferencing
- Infix
- Inflection
- Inflectional Morphology
- Informal Language
- Information Structure
- Information-Gap Activity
- Inhibitory Control
- Innateness Hypothesis
- Input Before Output
- Input Enhancement
- Input Flood
- Input Frequency
- Input Hypothesis
- Input Processing (VanPatten)
- Input-Based Instruction
- Insertion Sequence
- Instituto Cervantes
- Instructed SLA
- Instrumental Motivation
- Intake
- Integrative Motivation
- Intelligent Tutoring System
- Intensive Language Program
- Intensive Reading
- Intentional Learning
- Intentional Vocabulary Learning
- Inter-Rater Reliability
- Interaction Hypothesis
- Interactional Competence
- Interactional Sociolinguistics
- Interactionist Approach
- Intercultural Communication
- Interface Hypothesis
- Interference Theory
- Interlanguage
- Interlanguage Pragmatics
- Interleaving
- Intermediate Plateau
- International Phonetic Alphabet
- Intertextuality
- Intonation
- Intrinsic Motivation
- Investment
- Investment Hypothesis
- Investment Theory
- Irregular Morphology
- Isogloss
- Isolating Language
- Italian Congiuntivo
- Italian Dialects
- Italian Gender
- Italian Grammar
- Italian Modal Verbs
- Italian Phonology
- Italian Subjunctive
- Italian Verb Conjugation
- italki
- Item Response Theory
J
- JA Sensei
- James Asher
- Jan Hulstijn
- Japanese Adjectives
- Japanese Ammo with Misa
- Japanese Aspect
- Japanese by Renzo
- Japanese Compound Verbs
- Japanese Counters
- Japanese Dialects
- Japanese Grammar
- Japanese Guru
- Japanese Honorifics
- Japanese Kanji Study
- Japanese Mora
- Japanese Numbers
- Japanese Onomatopoeia
- Japanese Onomatopoeia
- Japanese Particles
- Japanese Phonology
- Japanese Pitch Accent
- Japanese Pronunciation
- Japanese Sentence Structure
- Japanese Verb Conjugation
- Japanese Verb Conjugation
- Japanese Writing System
- JapanesePod101
- Jargon
- Jarrett Ye
- JET Programme
- Jim Cummins
- Jisho
- JLPT (Japanese Language Proficiency Test)
- JLPT N1
- JLPT N2
- JLPT N3
- JLPT N4
- JLPT N5
- John Schumann
- John Sweller
- Jouyou Kanji
- Joyo Kanji
- JPDB
- Jsho
- Jukugo
K
- KameSame
- KanaOrigin: Learn Japanese
- Kango (??)
- Kanji
- Kanji Acquisition
- Kanji Card: Learn Japanese
- Kanji Dojo
- Kanji Kentei
- Kanji Radicals
- Kansai-ben
- Kat? Lomb
- Katakana
- kawaiiDungeon: Learn Japanese
- kawaiiNihongo
- KCP International
- Keigo
- Keigo Levels
- Kenjogo
- Kenya Highland Terroir
- Keyword Method
- Korean Counters
- Korean Dialects
- Korean Grammar
- Korean Honorifics
- Korean Loanwords
- Korean Numbers
- Korean Particles
- Korean Phonology
- Korean Sentence Structure
- Korean Speech Levels
- Korean Verb Conjugation
- Korean Writing System
- Kunyomi
- Kyushu Dialect
L
- L1 Interference
- L2
- L2 Fluency
- L2 Motivational Self System
- L2 Phonology
- L2 Reading
- Labial Consonant
- Language Academy
- Language Acquisition Device
- Language and Culture
- Language Anxiety
- Language Aptitude
- Language Aptitude Test
- Language Assessment
- Language Attitude
- Language Attitudes
- Language Attrition
- Language Brokering
- Language Change
- Language Coach
- Language Comprehension
- Language Contact
- Language Death
- Language Distance
- Language Dominance
- Language Ecology
- Language Ego
- Language Endangerment
- Language Exchange
- Language Family
- Language Goals
- Language Identity
- Language Ideology
- Language Immersion Program
- Language Immersion School
- Language Input
- Language Journal
- Language Laboratory
- Language Lateralization
- Language Learner
- Language Learner Errors
- Language Learning Burnout
- Language Learning Journal
- Language Learning Plateau
- Language Learning Strategies
- Language Legislation
- Language Loss
- Language Loyalty
- Language Maintenance
- Language Mindset
- Language Norm
- Language Norms
- Language Output
- Language Planning
- Language Play
- Language Policy
- Language Portfolio
- Language Processing
- Language Proficiency
- Language Proficiency Test
- Language Purism
- Language Reactor
- Language Reconstruction
- Language Repertoire
- Language Revitalization
- Language Rights
- Language Shift
- Language Simp
- Language Socialization
- Language Standardization
- Language Study Plan
- Language Teaching Methodology
- Language Transfer
- Language Typology
- Language Universals
- Language Variation
- Language Vitality
- Language-Focused Learning
- Languaging
- Laoshu505000
- Larry Selinker
- Latin
- Learn Japanese – Beginners (BNR Languages)
- Learn Japanese Speak Language (LuvLingua)
- Learn Japanese! (Luli Languages)
- Learner Autonomy
- Learner Beliefs
- Learning Strategies
- Learning Styles
- Leitner System
- Lev Vygotsky
- Lexeme
- Lexical Access
- Lexical Acquisition
- Lexical Approach
- Lexical Borrowing
- Lexical Chunk
- Lexical Density
- Lexical Gap
- Lexical Inference
- Lexical Knowledge
- Lexical Priming
- Lexical Richness
- Lexical Semantics
- Lexical Threshold
- Lexico-Grammar
- Lexicon
- Lexis
- Liaison
- Light Verb
- Lindie Botes
- Ling: Learn Japanese Language
- LingoDeer
- LingQ
- Lingua Franca
- Linguee
- Linguistic Discrimination
- Linguistic Imperialism
- Linguistic Landscape
- Linguistic Market
- Linguistic Relativity
- Liquid
- Listening Comprehension
- Listening Dictation
- Listening Fluency
- Listening in L2
- Loanword
- Loanwords
- Locative Alternation
- Locutionary Act
- Logographic
- Long-Term Memory
- Low-Frequency Words
- Luca Lampariello
M
- Ma
- Mandarin Grammar
- Manfred Pienemann
- Manner of Articulation
- Markedness
- MaruMori
- Mass Immersion Approach
- Massed vs Distributed Practice
- Massive Input
- Masu-Form
- Matt vs Japan
- Maxims of Conversation
- Mazii
- Meaning-Focused Input
- Meaning-Focused Output
- Meaningful Drills
- Measure Words (Chinese)
- Mediation
- Memrise
- Mental Lexicon
- Mental Spaces
- Meronymy
- Merrill Swain
- Metacognition
- Metadiscourse
- Metalanguage
- Metalinguistic Awareness
- Metalinguistic Knowledge
- Metaphor
- Metaphor (SLA)
- Method of Loci
- Metrical Foot
- Michael Halliday
- Michael Lewis (linguist)
- Michael Long
- Michel Thomas Method
- Mid Vowel
- Middlebury Language Schools
- Migaku
- Migii JLPT
- Minimal Pair
- Minimalist Program
- Minna no Nihongo
- Minority Language
- Minority Language Rights
- Mismatch Negativity
- Mitigation
- Mnemonics
- Mobile-Assisted Language Learning
- MochiKanji
- Modality
- Modern Standard Arabic
- Modified Input
- Modified Output
- Mondly
- Monitor Hypothesis
- Monitor Model
- Mono no Aware
- Mood
- Morpheme
- Morpheme Acquisition Order
- Morphological Awareness
- Morphological Typology
- Morphology
- Mother Tongue
- Motivation
- Motivation in SLA
- Motivation Types in Language Learning
- Multi-Word Expression
- Multicompetence
- Multilingual
- Multilingual Turn
- Multilingualism
- Multiliteracies
- Multimedia Learning
- Multimodal Input
- Multiword Unit
- Multiword Units
N
- N400
- Na-Adjective
- Naganuma School
- Narrow Listening
- Narrow Reading
- Nasal Consonant
- NAT-TEST
- Native Korean
- Native Materials in Language Learning
- Native Speaker
- Native Speakerism
- Nativism
- Natural Approach
- Natural Class
- Natural Language Processing
- Natural Order Hypothesis
- Naturalistic Acquisition
- Negative Evidence
- Negative Transfer
- Negotiation of Meaning
- Neural Plasticity
- Neurolinguistics
- Neuroplasticity
- Neuropragmatics
- New HSK
- NHK Web Easy
- Nick Ellis
- Nihongo So-matome
- Noam Chomsky
- Nominal Sentence
- Nominalization
- Nominative Case
- Nonverbal Communication
- Norm-Referenced Assessment
- Noticing
- Noticing Hypothesis
- Noticing the Gap
- Notional-Functional Approach
- Noun Modification (Japanese)
- Null Subject
O
- Object Particle
- Obstruent
- Official Language
- Okurigana
- Olly Richards
- Omniglot
- Omotenashi
- One-Trial Learning
- Online Language Tutoring
- Onset (Phonology)
- Onyomi
- Open Vowel
- Oral Corrective Feedback
- Oral Language Assessment
- Oral Proficiency Interview
- Order of Acquisition
- Organic Japanese with Cure Dolly
- Orthography
- Osaka Dialect
- Output Before Input
- Output Flood
- Output Hypothesis
- Output Practice
- Output-Based Instruction
- Overextension
- Overgeneralization
- Overregularization
- Overt Prestige
P
- P600
- Paradigm (Linguistics)
- Parameter Setting
- Parameters
- Parsing
- Partial Immersion
- Participle
- Particle ga (?)
- Particle wa (?)
- Pass? Compos? vs. Imparfait
- Passato Prossimo vs. Imperfetto
- Passive Form
- Passive Immersion
- Passive Vocabulary
- Passivization
- Patsy Lightbown
- Pattern Drill
- Pattern Recognition
- Paul Nation
- Peace Corps Language Training
- Pedagogical Grammar
- Pedagogy
- Peer Feedback
- Pejoration
- Performance-Based Assessment
- Perlocutionary Act
- Personal A
- Peter Skehan
- Phoneme
- Phonemic Contrast
- Phonetics
- Phonological Adaptation
- Phonological Awareness
- Phonological Loop
- Phonological Reduction
- Phonological System
- Phonology
- Phrasal Verb
- Phrasal Verbs
- Phrase
- Phrase Structure
- Pidgin
- Pimsleur
- Pinyin
- Piotr Wozniak
- Pitch Accent
- Place of Articulation
- Placement Test
- Plain Form
- Pleco
- PLIDA (Progetto Lingua Italiana Dante Alighieri)
- Plosive
- Pocket Japanese
- Politeness Theory
- Polyglot
- Polysemy
- Polysynthetic Language
- Pop-Up Dictionary
- Portfolio Assessment
- Positive Transfer
- Positive Transfer in SLA
- Post-Method Pedagogy
- Potential Form
- Poverty of the Stimulus
- Pragmalinguistics
- Pragmatic Competence
- Pragmatic Failure
- Pragmatic Transfer in SLA
- Pragmatics
- Predicate
- Preferred Response
- Prefix
- Preply
- Presentation-Practice-Production
- Prestige (Sociolinguistics)
- Prestige Language
- Presupposition
- Presupposition Trigger
- Preterite vs. Imperfect
- Primacy Effect
- Priming Effects
- Pro-Drop
- Procedural Knowledge
- Procedural Memory
- Proceduralization
- Processability Theory
- Processing Instruction
- Productive Vocabulary
- Pronunciation
- Pronunciation Analyzer App
- Pronunciation Instruction
- Pronunciation Practice
- Prosodic Word
- Prosody
- Proto-Indo-European
- Proto-Language
- Prototype Theory
- Psycholinguistics
- Psychotypology
- PTE Academic
- Pushed Output
R
- R-Colored Vowel
- Radical
- Radical: Kanji Dictionary
- Raising (Linguistics)
- Raising Structure
- Rapport Management
- Rasch Model
- Rate of Acquisition
- Raw Score
- Reactivation
- Reading
- Reading Comprehension
- Reading Fluency
- Reading in L2
- Reading Journal
- Reading Speed in L2
- Reading While Listening
- Readlang
- Rebecca Oxford
- Recast
- Recasting
- Recasts
- Recency Effect
- Receptive Bilingualism
- Receptive Multilingualism
- Receptive Vocabulary
- Reduplication
- Reference
- Refold
- Register
- Register Variation
- Relevance Theory
- Reliability
- Rendaku
- Renshuu
- Repair
- Repair Strategies
- Request Strategy
- Research Methods (SLA)
- Restructuring
- Resultative Verb Complement
- Retention Rate
- Retrieval Cue
- Retrieval Practice
- Reverso Context
- Rhetorical Structure
- Richard Schmidt
- Rime (Phonology)
- Robert Bjork
- Robert DeKeyser
- Robert Gardner
- Robert Lado
- Robert Phillipson
- Rod Ellis
- Romaji
- Romance Languages
- Romanization
- Root (Morphology)
- Rosetta Stone
- Rounded Vowel
- Rubric
- Russian Aspect
- Russian Cases
- Russian Dialects
- Russian Gender
- Russian Grammar
- Russian Palatalization
- Russian Phonology
- Russian Stress
- Russian Verb Conjugation
S
- S. Pit Corder
- Sakubo
- Satori Reader
- Scaffolding
- Schema Theory
- Schwa
- Scrambling
- Script
- Sebastian Leitner
- Second Language
- Second Language Acquisition (SLA)
- Self-Assessment in Language Learning
- Self-Determination Theory
- Self-Directed Learning
- Self-Regulated Learning
- Self-Regulation in SLA
- Self-Study Language Learning
- Semantic Bleaching
- Semantic Change
- Semantic Field
- Semantic Memory
- Semantic Prosody
- Semantic Role
- Semantics
- Sensitive Period (SLA)
- Sentence Bank
- Sentence Cards
- Sentence Mining
- Sentence Processing
- Sentence Search Corpus Tool
- Separate Underlying Proficiencies
- Sequential Bilingual
- Sequential Bilingualism
- Ser vs. Estar
- Serial Verb Construction
- Shadowing (Language Learning)
- Sheltered Instruction
- Shinobi: Read & Learn Japanese
- Short-term Memory
- Sibilant
- SIELE
- Sign Language
- Silent Period
- Simultaneous Bilingual
- Simultaneous Bilingualism
- Sino-Korean
- Skill Acquisition Theory
- Skill Building Theory in SLA
- Skritter
- Slang
- Sleep and Memory Consolidation
- SM-2 (SuperMemo 2 Algorithm)
- Small Tsu (Sokuon)
- Social Identity Theory
- Social Network Theory
- Socialization Routines
- Societal Bilingualism
- Sociocultural Theory
- Sociocultural Theory (SLA)
- Socioeducational Model
- Sociolect
- Sociolinguistic Competence
- Sociolinguistics
- Sociopragmatics
- Sonkeigo
- Sonorant
- Sonority Sequencing Principle
- Sottaku
- Sound Change
- Spacing Effect
- Spanish Dialects
- Spanish Gender
- Spanish Grammar
- Spanish Phonology
- Spanish Subjunctive
- Spanish Verb Conjugation
- Speaking Anxiety
- Speaking Fluency
- Specific Language Impairment
- Speech Act
- Speech Act Theory
- Speech Acts
- Speech Community
- Speech Error
- Speech Levels Korean
- Speech Perception in L2
- Speech Production
- Speechling
- Sprachbund
- Spreading Activation
- SRS (Spaced Repetition System)
- STAMP Test
- Standard Language
- Standard Language Ideology
- Standard Score
- Statistical Learning
- Status Planning
- Stephen Krashen
- Steve Kaufmann
- Strategic Competence
- Stress
- Stress-Timed
- Stroke Order
- Structural Priming
- Structuralism
- Structured Input
- Study Abroad
- Study Queue
- Style-Shifting
- Subject (Grammar)
- Subject Particle
- Subordinate Bilingual
- Subordinate Clause
- Subordination
- Substrate Language
- Subtitle Mining Tool
- Subtractive Bilingualism
- Suffix
- Suggestopedia
- Summative Assessment
- SuperMemo
- Suppletion
- Suprasegmental
- Suprasegmentals
- Surface Structure
- Suru Verbs
- Syllabary
- Syllable
- Syllable Structure
- Syllable-Timed
- Synonym
- Syntactic Processing
- Syntactic Typology
- Syntax
- Systematicity
- Systemic Functional Linguistics
T
- Tadoku
- Takoboto
- Talk To Me In Korean (TTMIK)
- Tandem
- Tandem Learning
- Tangoo
- Target Language
- Task Complexity
- Task Difficulty
- Task-Based Language Teaching
- TCF (Test de Connaissance du Français)
- Te-Form
- Te-iru (????)
- Teachability Hypothesis
- Teacher Development
- Teacher Talk
- Technical Vocabulary
- Technology-Enhanced Language Learning
- TEF Canada
- Teineigo
- TELC
- Telecollaboration
- Telicity
- Tense
- Tense Aspect and Mood
- Test Anxiety in Language Learning
- Test Reliability
- Test Validity
- Testing Effect
- Text Linguistics
- Text Type
- Textual Enhancement
- The Good Language Learner
- The Silent Way
- Thematic Progression
- Theory of Mind
- Theta Role
- Third Culture Kid
- Third Language Acquisition
- Threshold Hypothesis
- Tip-of-the-Tongue State
- Tobira
- Tobo Japanese
- Todaii
- TOEFL
- TOEIC
- Tohoku Dialect
- Tokyo Dialect
- Tonal Language
- Tone
- Tone Language
- Tone Sandhi
- Top-Down Processing
- Topic Particle
- Topic-Comment
- Topic-Comment (Chinese)
- Topic-Prominent Language
- Topicalization
- TOPIK
- Total Immersion
- Total Physical Response (TPR)
- TPRS (Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling)
- Tracy Terrell
- Traditional vs. Simplified Chinese
- Transfer
- Transfer of Learning
- Transfer-Appropriate Processing
- Transformational Grammar
- Transition-Relevance Place
- Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
- Transitive and Intransitive Verbs in Japanese
- Transitivity
- Translanguaging
- Translation
- Transliteration
- Triliteral Root
- Tu vs. Lei (Italian)
- Tu vs. Vous
- Turn-Construction Unit
- Turn-Taking
- Type-Token Frequency
- Type-Token Ratio
U
V
- Validity
- Variability in SLA
- Variationist SLA
- Variationist Sociolinguistics
- Verbling
- Verner’s Law
- Visuospatial Sketchpad
- Vocab Mining
- Vocabulary Acquisition
- Vocabulary Breadth
- Vocabulary Breadth and Depth
- Vocabulary Depth
- Vocabulary Knowledge
- Vocabulary Learning
- Vocabulary Learning Strategies
- Vocabulary Levels Test
- Vocabulary Notebook
- Vocabulary Size
- Voice (Grammar)
- Voicing
- Volitional Form
- Voseo
- Vowel
- Vowel Harmony
- Vowel Reduction
- Vowel Shift
W
- Wa Particle
- Wago
- Wago, Kango, and Gairaigo
- Wagotabi
- WaniKani
- Washback
- Washback Effect
- Wernicke’s Area
- Wh-Movement
- Willingness to Communicate
- Word Association
- Word Cards
- Word Consciousness
- Word Families
- Word Family
- Word Frequency in Language Learning
- Word Order
- Word Order Typology
- Word Recognition
- Word Stress
- WordReference
- Working Memory
- Working Memory and SLA
- World Englishes
- Writing
- Writing in L2
- Writing System
- Written Corrective Feedback