Definition:
The causative form (使役形, shieki-kei) in Japanese expresses that a subject causes or allows another person to perform an action. It encodes both “make someone do” (compulsion) and “let someone do” (permission) — context and pragmatics determine which reading applies in a given utterance.
Forming the Causative
Group 2 verbs (Ichidan/ru-verbs): Replace -る with -させる
- 食べる (taberu) → 食べさせる (tabesaseru — make/let eat)
- 見る (miru) → 見させる (misaseru — make/let see)
Group 1 verbs (Godan/u-verbs): Change -u to -a, then add -せる
- 書く (kaku) → 書かせる (kakaseru — make/let write)
- 飲む (nomu) → 飲ませる (nomaseru — make/let drink)
- 話す (hanasu) → 話させる (hanasaseru — make/let speak)
- 行く (iku) → 行かせる (ikaseru — make/let go)
Group 3 (irregular):
- する (suru) → させる (saseru — make/let do)
- 来る (kuru) → 来させる (kosaseru — make/let come)
Causative Structure
The basic causative sentence structure:
> [Causative Subject]は + [Person caused]を/に + [Verb-causative]
With を (compulsion, involuntary):
> 先生は学生を立たせた。
> Sensei wa gakusei wo tataseta.
> The teacher made the student stand up. (student stood up involuntarily/by command)
With に (permission or natural volition):
> 先生は学生に発表させた。
> Sensei wa gakusei ni happyō saseta.
> The teacher let/had the student give a presentation.
The を/に distinction is subtle: を tends to imply the caused person had no choice; に implies the person was allowed or directed, with more agency.
Causative-Passive Form (most important advanced form)
The causative-passive (使役受身形, shieki-ukemi-kei) combines causative + passive to express being made to do something against one’s will. It is one of the most common structures in Japanese for expressing unwanted obligations.
Formation: Causative verb → passive of causative
- 食べさせる (make eat) → 食べさせられる (be made to eat)
- 飲まされる (colloquial contracted form of 飲ませられる — be made to drink)
> 上司に残業させられた。
> Jōshi ni zangyō saserareta.
> I was made to work overtime (by my boss) [against my will].
The causative-passive is extremely common in conversation — complaints, expressions of victimhood, and descriptions of difficult situations all use it.
Short-Form Causative (Colloquial)
In casual speech, Group 1 causatives are sometimes shortened:
- 飲ませる → 飲ます (nomasu)
- 行かせる → 行かす (ikasu)
This contraction is common in casual/regional speech. The standard forms are preferred in formal writing.
History
The causative construction has been a subject of grammatical analysis since classical grammars of Sanskrit, Latin, and Arabic, which described causative verb derivation patterns systematically. In 20th-century linguistics, cross-linguistic analysis of causatives was central to typological work by Comrie (1981) and others who documented the range of morphological, analytical, and lexical strategies different languages use to encode causation. Generative grammar in the Chomskyan tradition analyzed causatives as raising constructions or as involving abstract CAUSE predicates in deep structure. Cognitive grammar and construction grammar (Goldberg, 1995) reframed causatives as instances of constructional meaning rather than derivational operations, situating them within the broader network of grammatical constructions.
Common Misconceptions
“Causative constructions in Japanese are the same as passive causatives.” The standard Japanese causative (させる saseru) and causative-passive (させられる saserareru) are distinct constructions with different pragmatic implications. The causative-passive encodes the subject as an unwilling or imposed-upon causee, while the bare causative is neutral on willingness. Confusing the two leads to significant pragmatic miscommunications.
“Causative verbs just add ‘make someone do’ to any verb.” While this is the core semantic contribution, the morphosyntax of causative constructions is language-specific and involves case-marking shifts, object status changes, and varying degrees of subject agency. Simple composition rules fail to predict the acceptable causative forms in complex semantic contexts.
Criticisms
The treatment of causative constructions in SLA and language pedagogy has been criticized for oversimplifying the semantic range of causation — conflating direct and indirect causation, coerced and permitted causation, and causative-resultative overlap. In Japanese language teaching, the causative form is often presented as a single grammar point when it encompasses meaning contrasts (causation vs. permission) that require extensive contextualized input to internalize. Learners who learn causatives primarily from grammar tables rather than authentic input often have difficulty using them appropriately in natural discourse.
Social Media Sentiment
Causative form content is a staple in Japanese learning communities on YouTube, TikTok, and Reddit (r/LearnJapanese). The form is considered an intermediate grammar milestone, and video explanations comparing the causative, passive, and causative-passive attract significant engagement because of the perceived difficulty. Native Japanese speaker reactions to learner errors with causative forms also circulate as humorous content, highlighting the pragmatic importance of getting the form right.
Last updated: 2026-04
Practical Application
For Japanese learners:
- Learn the causative form at the N4 level as required grammar, and prioritize the causative-passive at N3 — it appears very frequently in real spoken Japanese
- Practice complaints and obligation narratives with the causative-passive, as this is one of its primary pragmatic uses
- The させてください (sasete kudasai — please let me ~) form is a common polite request pattern: 早く帰らせてください (Please let me leave early)
- Sakubo
Related Terms
See Also
Research
- Makino, S., & Tsutsui, M. (1986). A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar. The Japan Times. [Summary: Covers the causative construction with detailed usage notes on the ?/? participant-marking distinction and examples illustrating compulsion vs. permission readings.]
- Tsujimura, N. (1996). An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics. Blackwell. [Summary: Chapter on Japanese morphology includes a syntactic and semantic analysis of the causative construction, covering the grammatical constraints on causative formation and the argument structure of causative predications.]